It is the first comprehensive work on one of the most important underground mining methods worldwide, presenting topics according to the conventional sublevel stoping process used by most mining houses, in which a sublevel stoping geometry is chosen for a particular mining method, equipment availability, and work force experience. It is the best video for understanding how to do sublevel stoping mining method. With this method, ore is recovered in horizontal slices starting from the bottom and advancing upward. Bigholeopen stopinguses longer blast holes with larger diameter of 140165 mm. The shape factor is related to the geometry of the wall. Sublevel caving method without sill pillar is a kind of mining methods that present underground mine is most widely used. This method usually is applied to strong ore bodies that require minimal support and are surrounded by strong country rock. Jumbos selectively drill holes into the roof of the drift and fill them with explosives. Sublevel stoping method in brief sublevel stoping is one of the most useful underground mining methods in steeply dipping hardrock ore bodies. Underground mining methods engineering fundamentals and. This site is like a library, use search box in the widget to get ebook that you want. The objective here is to present a design methodology applicable to sublevel open stoping, but also to.
Sublevel open stoping is a highly mechanized mining method utilizing a wide range of equipment for drilling and mucking. The second half of the name derives from the caving of the hanging wall and. Backfill practices for sublevel stoping system springerlink. Click download or read online button to get geotechnical design for sublevel open stoping book now. Stoping is the process of extracting the desired ore or other mineral from an underground mine, leaving behind an open space known as a stope. Sublevel stoping generally is a largescale open stoping method. Global extraction sequences in sublevel stoping mpes 2003 conference kalgoorlie april 2003 ernesto villaescusa professor of mining geomechanics western australian school of mines pmb 22 kalgoorlie wa 6430 tel. The first full work on one of many crucial underground mining methods worldwide, geotechnical design for sublevel open stoping presents topics in response to the normal sublevel stoping course of utilized by most mining houses, throughout which a sublevel stoping geometry is chosen for a selected mining method, gear availability, and work strain experience. Physical work is reduced and it is easier to motivate the workforce. Therefore, the post pillar mining method was replaced by a sublevel stoping system comprising 6 m wide and 21 m wide separated by continuous 7 m wide pillars. This method is compared with other mining methods, have simple in structure, flexibility is big, does not need pillar, and the mining preparation work amount is little, process for stoping is simple, rock drilling voluntarily. Black diamond drilling services australia database. Generally a large scale open stoping method, it is often referred to as long hole or blast hole stoping. The first comprehensive work on one of the most important underground mining methods worldwide, geotechnical design for sublevel open stoping presents topics according to the conventional sublevel stoping process used by most mining houses, in which a sublevel stoping geometry is chosen for a particular mining method, equipment availability, and wo.
Ore is fragmented in the stope using ringdrilled or long parallel blast holes, and moved to the. Mining methods and method selection snu open courseware. Herein mining method existence of a high plunge length in the ore body is essential. A long hole stoping system for mining narrow platinum reefs advantages of this mining method it allows for a low safety and health risk as well as improved working environment. This is a highly specialized me thod of stoping requiring expert input. In sublevel stoping, shorter blastholes are drilled from sublevels located at shorter vertical intervals along the vertical stope. As far as quantity is concerned, sublevel caving is now the most important method with about 25 million tonnes per annum out of which kiruna alone. Shrinkage stoping is a shorthole mining method which is suitable for steeply dipping orebodies. Mining continues upwards towards the sur face until the orebody is depleted. Cn105822307a underhand sublevel open stoping method. Sublevel stoping sublevel stoping is a mining method in which ore is blasted from different levels of elevation but is removed from one level at the bottom of the mine.
The method of underhand stoping in which the ore is drawn to the level above b, fig. Shrinkage stoping is a mining method used for steeply dipping, narrower ore bodies with self supporting walls and ore. Other articles where sublevel stoping is discussed. The second section describes underground mining equipment, with particular focus on excavation machinery such as boomheaders, coal cutters, continuous miners and shearers. Economic comparison of drilling systems in sublevel stoping method. These increased level distances are intended to reduce overall development costs when mining sublevel cave stope areas. The first comprehensive work on one of the most important underground mining methods worldwide, geotechnical design for sublevel open stoping presents topics according to the conventional sublevel stoping process used by most mining houses, in which a sublevel stoping geometry is chosen for a particular mining method, equipment availability, and work force experience. Reflecting the international and diverse nature of the industry, a series of mining case studies is presented covering the commodity range from iron ore to diamonds extracted by operations located in all corners of the world.
Stoping is used when the country rock is sufficiently strong not to collapse into the stope, although in most cases artificial support is also provided the earliest forms of stoping were conducted with hand tools or by firesetting. In this method, the ore is excavated in open stopes, retreating from one end of the stope toward the other. During the mining cycle, only 30 35% of the ore blasted is extracted being. Sublevel open stoping originated in the early 1900s in iron ore mines in michigan, usa. This book presents the latest mining principles and techniques in use today. Pdf sublevel stoping underground mining methods researchgate. A mining method involving overhand, underhand, and shrinkage stoping. Bighole stoping method bighole stoping is an upscaled variant of sublevel open stoping, using longer, largerdiameter dth blastholes, ranging from 140 mm to 165 mm. It was developed over the years from a method originally known as short hole bench and train mining. What is the difference between sublevel stopping and. This volume from crc press is published next month. The orebody is divided into sections about 100 m h igh and further divided laterally into. Before mining begins, an ore pass is usually drilled from a lower to a higher elevation. Economic comparison of drilling systems in sublevel.
Cemented backfill was employed to stabilize the slender pillars and. Sublevel stoping recover s the ore from open stopes separated by access drifts each connected to a ramp. Its characteristic feature is the use of sublevels. Geotechnical design for sublevel open stoping pdf ebook php. Mining in minnesota cut and fill mining method 3d animation duration.
Sublevel stoping is one of the most useful underground mining methods in steeply dipping hardrock ore bodies. Ebook geotechnical design for sublevel open stoping as pdf. Sublevel stoping, vertical retreat stoping, sublevel caving, and cutandfill mining are methods that usually can be applied under similar conditions. The underhand sublevel open stoping method comprises the following steps. Harraz email protected 2014 2015 this material is intended for use in lectures, presentations and as handouts to students, and is provided in power point format so as to allow customization for the individual needs of course instructors. The sublevels are worked simultaneously, the lowest on a given block being farthest advanced and the subs above following one another at short intervals. Introduction the sublevel stoping mining method is usually applied to a relatively steeply dipping, competent ore body, surrounded by competent wall rock. For sublevel stoping the ore body and walls should be strong enough to support open stoping. Blast patterns are similar to sublevel open stoping, but with holes up to 100 m long.
The uppermost sublevel underneath the cover is partly caved. Effects of stoping activities on tunnel conditions in a. Sublevel stoping is a mining method in which ore is blasted from. Sperr in the engineering and minting journal of june 5, 1912, and by p. A long hole stoping system for mining narrow platinum reefs. Figure 3 sublevel open stoping method atlas copco, 2007 3. This method owes the first part of its name to the fact that work is carried out on many intermediate levels that is, sublevels between the main levels. In vertical retreat mining the stope does not take the shape of a vertical slot. Oct 22, 2014 sublevel stopingunderground mining methods 1. The objective here is to present a design methodology applicable to sublevel open stoping, but also to then bridge the gap between theory and practice by applying said methodology to an actual design example. Design and operational issues for increasing sublevel cave. It sometimes is referred to as longhole or blasthole stoping.
Ore is produced by drilling and blasting longholes, which can range from 50 mm 2 in. Ore is recovered from each sublevel in a planned sequence of primary and secondary stopes with delayed backfill in a manner to create a stress shadow to avoid high stress. Pillars are left inside the stope to support the roof. The ore body should be fairly regular in shape and welldefined. Development find, read and cite all the research you. Sublevel stoping is an underground mining method that involves the excavation of large blocks of ore in an unsupported fashion this method is suited to steeply. The invention relates to the technical field of stoping methods and particularly relates to an underhand sublevel open stoping method. The first comprehensive work on one of the most important underground mining methods worldwide, geotechnical design for sublevel open stoping presents topics according to the conventional sublevel stoping process used by most mining houses, in which a sublevel stoping geometry is chosen for a particular mining method.
Mcdonald in the mining and scientific press of july 5, 19, is really a combination of several different methods of stoping. It is an overhand mining method that relies on broken ore being left in the stope to be used as the working floor and to support the walls. Geotechnical design for sublevel open stoping download. Underground mining methods presents the latest principles and techniques in use today. Sublevel stoping mining methods are generally employed to extract steeply dipping tabular ore deposits characterized by relatively long strikes and having various thicknesses. Shrinkage stoping ascending method of mining advantages and disadvantages vertical crater retreat stoping introduction application developmental sequence of stopes production how cratering works. Several tools, has been created to predict the rock mass behaviour, one of them is the empirical stability graph method developed by mathews1 based on the shape factor, s, and the stability number, n.
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